全国人大代表袁伟霞:推进钢渣资源化综合利用 变固废为资源 促进绿色发展

2022-03-10 11:55:03

钢渣是钢铁工业炼钢过程中产生大宗固体伴生物,约占钢产量的12%-15%,2021年全国钢渣产生量超过1.2亿吨,若不恰当处置既浪费资源又造成环境污染。

2021年我国粗钢产量为10.3亿吨,全球占比52.8%,居全球首位。钢渣是钢铁工业炼钢过程中产生大宗固体伴生物,约占钢产量的12%-15%,2021年全国钢渣产生量超过1.2亿吨,若不恰当处置既浪费资源又造成环境污染。目前国内钢渣资源化综合利用存在不少问题,鉴于每年的钢渣产生量大,社会积存的钢渣已达8亿吨以上,而且每年以8000万吨的积存量在不断增加,对我国环境、土壤、水质都造成严重影响,需要跨部门、跨行业地对其资源化利用进行研究和推动。

钢渣资源化利用存在的主要问题:

1.钢渣积存量及利用量的统计数据偏差大

全国范围内钢渣资源化综合利用的详实数据仍缺乏有效的数据支撑。如有关部门颁布的《中国钢铁工业节能环保统计月报》表明,2018年我国钢渣累积利用率为97.71%,2019年累积利用率为98.91%。经调查,由于统计范围内企业大多仅把钢渣中金属铁进行回收,然后尾渣交由其他单位拉走,即视作利用而计入“累积利用率”,钢渣应用严格的统计口径是只有明确进行了资源化利用的钢渣才被认定为利用,若以此口径统计的话钢渣利用率数据偏差会很大。

若按追溯到作为产品的实际资源化使用情况并不乐观。如2018年某钢铁集团就因长期在长江岸边堆放百万吨以上钢渣,污染周边土地和水体,威胁长江生态环境安全,受到中央环保督察通报。不完全的统计认为,目前我国的钢渣实际利用率仅在35%左右,每年的积存量巨大。

2.钢渣跨行业利用存在诸多门槛

1)钢渣有其自身的特点,钢渣中含有游离CaO、成分有波动、胶凝活性低、体积安定性差等特点导致其利用难度相对较大;

2)标准方面,虽然通过几十年的研究,钢渣应用在水泥、混凝土、道路以及工程项目等各方面编制了几十项标准,但是因为跨行业利用,上游的钢铁行业对钢渣存放管理的要求及宣贯不够,下游的应用行业对钢渣性质了解不深,担心产生工程质量问题而全面排斥,因此在标准规范中限制钢渣的使用。

推动钢渣资源化应用的有利条件:

1.国家政策要求的迫切性

近年来,政府十分重视钢渣等大宗固废的利用工作,2018年出台了《环境保护税法》,2021年国家发改委等十部委联合印发的《关于“十四五”大宗固体废弃物综合利用的指导意见》指出,推进大宗固废综合利用对提高资源利用效率、改善环境质量、促进经济社会全面绿色转型发展具有重要意义,有利于逐步实现“碳达峰”、“碳中和”的“双碳”目标。到2025年,新增大宗固废综合利用率达到60%,存量大宗固废有序减少。

2021年11月15日,工业和信息化部关于印发《“十四五”工业绿色发展规划》的通知,要求促进资源利用循环化转型,强化资源在生产过程的高效利用,大幅提高资源利用效率。推进工业固废规模化综合利用,要求推进冶炼渣等大宗工业固废规模化综合利用,钢渣资源化综合利用的现状,离绿色发展的要求差距还非常大。

2.钢渣在水泥和混凝土中的应用有成熟经验

钢渣在水泥行业中的应用主要有两个途径,一是作为铁质校正剂作生料烧制熟料,这方面应用十分成熟,钢厂周边的水泥企业应用也十分普遍,但掺量较低,约5%;二是作为混合材磨细生产水泥,虽然GB175《通用硅酸盐水泥》禁止使用钢渣作混合材,但钢渣作混合材有几十年的历史,不少大型水泥企业也有丰富的应用经验,限于混合材的缺乏,也在通用水泥中掺加少量钢渣降低成本。南方地区由于粉煤灰等混合材资源偏少,不少水泥厂都在少量掺加钢渣作混合材,大量试验表明掺加不超过10%的钢渣对水泥性能并无不良影响,还具有需水量少、烧失量低等特点。

3.钢渣资源化利用是绿色发展的要求

水泥等建筑材料的生产需要大量的沙石等自然资源,全国每年水泥产量超过20亿吨,减少或禁止对自然资源的开采,使用部分钢渣作为添加料,可以保护环境,减少对自然资源的索取和对环境的破坏。

建议:

1.制定可靠的钢渣存量和利用量统计标准,规范统一统计口径

依托新的统计标准,能够掌握钢渣的实际综合利用情况,为出台相应的政策提供最基本的数据支撑。建议由工信部组织有关协会牵头开展深入调查,制定权威的钢渣资源化利用率等统计标准,切实了解钢渣去向和用途。

2.工信部、住建部等建立部门协同推进机制

钢渣资源化综合利用涉及到不同的行业,钢渣由钢铁行业产生,但是大规模的利用主要涉及建材、市政、公路等行业,钢铁和建材行业都归工信部主管,市政和公路等行业也需要和住建部、交通部等部委协调,因此建议建立部委协同机制推进钢渣资源化利用的工作。

3.成功应用案例的推广应用

钢渣磨细后作水泥混合材和混凝土掺合料,可以有效发挥钢渣的水硬胶凝性,在这方面一些大型企业基础技术工作扎实,以技术支撑推动了钢渣的资源化利用。中冶建筑研究总院有限公司在九江和新余尝试使用磨细钢渣粉和矿渣粉复配成钢铁渣粉,拌制各强度等级预拌混凝土,应用于住宅、办公商住楼、公路、桥梁、隧道等工程建设中,预拌混凝土配比中钢铁渣粉掺量达到40~100kg/m3,与双掺矿渣粉和粉煤灰混凝土相比,采用钢铁渣粉配制混凝土后原材料成本可降低1.5~4.2元。

宝武钢铁集团2020年普碳钢钢渣总量约1000万吨,有50%是作为铁质校正料用于水泥生料配料烧制熟料,45%作为水泥混合材生产常用的普硅水泥和复合水泥,5%以钢渣粉掺合料的形式直接代替水泥生产预拌混凝土,实现了钢铁企业和建材行业的绿色协同发展。

4.财政部研究制定精准的财税政策支持

财税[2015]78号《资源综合利用产品和劳务增值税优惠目录》中2.2指出,“生产42.5及以上等级水泥的原料20%以上来自废渣,其它等级水泥的原料40%以上来自废渣”才能够获得退税70%的优惠。但从钢渣利用的技术上看,水泥企业的钢渣利用比例目前无法达到该标准,无法享受到真正的政策福利,再加上2021年新修订的强制性标准GB175的限制,大部分水泥企业使用钢渣积极性不高。建议在广泛调研的基础上出台符合技术要求的新的减税、免税政策,引导钢渣在水泥行业的资源化综合利用。

5.开展标准的宣贯和检查工作,推进质量控制和产品认证

钢渣类的产品,比如GB/T20491《用于水泥和混凝土中的钢渣粉》、GB/T28293《钢铁渣粉》等均有明确的国家标准,但是在当前市场上缺乏对产品质量的有效控制。因此亟需建立有效的质量控制和产品认证体系,保证钢渣资源化综合利用的有序、规范运行。

6.打通跨行业的钢渣资源化综合利用标准协同推进其应用

目前我国发布了钢渣作胶凝材料、作沥青及道路工程材料、作水泥和混凝土等建材制品骨料等标准几十项,但是大多为推荐性国标和冶金行业标准。工程领域,各个行业往往执行各自制定的标准,对于已经发布的钢渣标准接纳度不高,严重影响了钢渣的资源化综合利用。建议相关部门牵头,尽快打通跨行业的标准制约,推动钢渣资源化综合利用。

为应对未来严峻节能形式,不少水泥企业已经开始积极行动,探索节能降碳技术研发与应用,布局光伏等新能源领域,但依然面临众多未知困难。为此,中国水泥网将于2022年3月17-18日,在安徽芜湖海螺大酒店举办以“节能降碳 创新增效 绿色升级”为主题的“第九届中国水泥节能环保技术交流大会暨水泥‘双碳’大会。诚邀政府主管领导、行业技术专家、科研单位、水泥生产企业和供应商等,共同探讨水泥行业节能减排新途径,加速实现绿色高质量发展。

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Correlation

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2023-02-27 09:20:38

2月17日,陕西省人民政府印发碳达峰实施方案的通知。

2023-02-19 13:35:23

伴随各地及各重点行业、龙头企业碳达峰碳中和实施方案密集出台,多个产业赛道已奏响绿色发展的“变奏曲”,以低碳转型助力质量强国建设。

2023-02-13 09:59:58

2月7日,《广东省碳达峰实施方案》发布。

2023-02-08 09:35:22

近日,中共河南省委、河南省人民政府印发《河南省碳达峰实施方案》。

2023-02-06 10:59:42

加快产品提档升级、工艺技术创新、固废资源利用……

2023-01-27 17:54:13

1月17日,山西省生态环境厅发布2022年 《政府工作报告》重点目标任务落实情况。

2023-01-17 10:58:59

日前,河北省工业和信息化厅2022年河北省“无废企业(工厂)”名单、工业固废综合利用示范企业名单公示结束,金隅旗下冀东水泥8家企业入选。

2023-01-06 15:02:37

海螺水泥董事长杨军表示,从未来高质量、可持续发展的高度出发,准确把握水泥建材行业大变革对于推动科技创新发展的新要求,对标先进、正视差距,抢抓新一轮科技革命机遇,力争未来3年研发投入强度达到4%以上,塑造发展新动能和竞争新优势。

2023-01-06 09:19:28

Adani is also a big man in the Indian cement industry and is the second largest cement producer in India. He entered the industry in 2022 with the acquisition of Holcim's cement business in India, which acquired about 70 million tons of cement per year for $10.5 billion. Adani plans to expand its annual cement production capacity to 140 million tons by 2028. Adani has previously invested $1.6 billion to acquire Sanchi Cement and Penna Cement, and is expected to acquire an additional 21 million tons of production capacity.