聚焦碳排放:如何激活被低估的碳市场?

2015-08-17 09:41:35

距离计划于2016年试运行的全国统一碳排放权交易市场越来越近。北京作为全国7 个试点之一,经过近两年的摸索,从无到有构筑起的北京碳市场生态,即将走到前台,开始被越来越多的人所关注。

二氧化碳

  距离计划于2016年试运行的全国统一碳排放权交易市场越来越近。北京作为全国7 个试点之一,经过近两年的摸索,从无到有构筑起的北京碳市场生态,即将走到前台,开始被越来越多的人所关注。

  如何赋予碳资产更多的金融属性?碳市场的未来究竟在哪?从区域试点到全国统一要跨过哪些关键障碍?这些事关碳市场健康发展的一系列问题,如今,到了从试点寻找答案的时刻。

  碳金融创新

  在经济社会转型、建设生态文明的过程中,碳市场所扮演的角色将会越来越重要。

  尽管碳市场的未来可期,但相较于日交易额数百甚至上千亿的其他交易市场, 眼下年交易额仅有几亿元的碳市场却不无尴尬。数据显示, 全国7 个试点中,高履约率、高活跃度的北京年交易额仅为2.36 亿,交易额最大的湖北也只有3 亿元。

  “当前碳市场的交易主体都是控排企业,除了履约时的刚性交易之外,大多数企业对配额的日常管理和交易仍然缺乏必要的认识。”在北京环境交易所碳交易中心主任王阳看来,控排企业的碳资产长期放在账上不动,亟待激活。

  只有赋予碳配额更多的金融属性,才能让控排企业意识到参与碳市场不仅仅是碳排放权的买卖,更是获得资金的重要手段。

  2014 年,国务院相继发布了《关于进一步加强资本市场中小投资者合法权益保护工作的意见》、《关于创新重点领域投融资机制鼓励社会投资的指导意见》,均提到鼓励和支持

  社会投资碳配额市场。为此,北京市发改委积极探索企业的碳资产管理方式,鼓励重点排放单位及其他配额持有者开展碳排放配额抵押式融资、配额回购式融资、配额托管等业务。

  2014 年12 月30 日, 中信证券与北京华远意通热力科技股份有限公司在北京环交所的撮合下,正式签署了国内首笔碳排放权配额回购融资协议,融资总规模1330 万元。北京碳市场在碳金融产品创新方面迈出了实质性一步,实现了碳市场与金融市场的有机结合。

  碳配额回购融资不仅盘活了重点排放企业的碳资产,为其拓展了融资渠道、降低了融资成本,也极大地提升了企业开展节能减排的积极性和主动性,而且充分挖掘了碳配额的资产属性,也有助于深化社会对碳配额资产价值的认识,让金融创新更好的服务于节能减排和实体经济发展。

  中信证券股份有限公司作为北京碳市场参与最早、参与程度最深的金融机构,该公司负责碳市场的高级经理蒋晶告诉记者,除了碳配额回购之外,中信证券与履约企业还探索了一次掉期产品交易,也取得不错的效果。

  “其他试点也开展了碳债券、绿色信贷等多种金融产品的创新尝试,如中广核集团在深圳发行了碳债券,不仅受到了银行的欢迎,债券利率也有所下降。”王阳说,尽管各个试点开展了多个尝试,但总体上并没有大规模的使用,金融创新的规模化仍属不足。

  “而对于中小规模的履约企业来说,一方面没有金融专业的人才,另一方面受自身碳配额规模限制,设专人也不太经济。” 蒋晶认为,调动这些企业的积极性,必须通过市场的发展和金融产品的创新,给企业提供更多的碳资产管理选择,但现在的问题是,整个碳市场的金融手段少,品种单一,有极大的提升和创新空间。

  期现货一体

  一个成熟的交易市场,金融机构作为重要的投资机构,是实现市场流动性的重要保障。

  然而,碳市场比较单一的交易模式,却在某种程度上迟滞了投资机构入场的脚步。

  蒋晶坦言,尽管近年来市场的整体热度在上升,金融机构对碳交易的兴趣逐年增加,但总体上都在外面看,大部分都没进来做。

  “原因之一是,国内的碳市场只有现货,没有期货等衍生品,而国外碳市场都是先有衍生再有现货。” 蒋晶分析称, 中信证券之所以探索推出掉期产品, 也是因为掉期产品比较灵活, 可在一定程度上增加市场流动性,也是现货向衍生品过渡的一个产品。[Page]

  北京环交所2014 年发布的北京碳市场年度报告提到,当前的碳现货市场可在一定程度上帮助企业完成履约任务并实现融资功能,而碳期货市场的发展将有利于发现碳资产价格、降低碳价波动、增加市场流动性,帮助企业锁定未来的碳收益,有效管理风险并优化碳资产配置。

  王阳指出,随着碳现货市场发育程度和交易规模的不断提升,将为碳期货品种的推出提供良好的市场条件。2014 年5 月, 国务院《关于进一步促进资本市场健康发展的若干意见》明确提出,将碳排放权期货作为重点发展的新型交易工具。

  “从国际市场尤其是欧洲碳市场的发展经验看,碳期货等金融衍生品的交易量已经远远超过碳现货,期现并存乃至期现一体将是碳市场发展的趋势。”这早已成为业界的共识。

  从区域到全国

  “对投资机构而言,参与市场主要取决于两个预期,一是前景,二是稳定。”在蒋晶看来,能够同时满足投资机构的两个预期,就在于全国统一市场的推出和形成。

  事实上,碳交易作为我国控制温室气体排放的政策工具,市场涵盖范围越大,则交易参与者越多,市场流动性越好,市场有效性也越高,从而会形成权威性的市场价格,进而对全球的碳价产生影响。

  如今,随着七省市碳交易试点的稳步推进,全国统一碳市场的建立已前景可期。2014 年12月,国家发改委正式公布《碳排放权交易管理暂行办法》,明确了建设全国碳市场的基本框架和路线图,预计全国碳市场将于2016 年开始运行,“十三五”末期将形成相对成熟、运营稳定的全国碳市场。

  而在区域性市场向全国统一的市场过渡中,北京无疑是跨区域交易走的最快的。

  王阳告诉记者,承德市与北京市已正式启动跨区域碳排放权交易试点工作,在全国率先探索开展跨区域交易试点建设,经验可供全国碳市场借鉴。自今年开始,承德部分企业可以和北京企业一样在碳市场上进行自由交易,交易产品包含自由买卖碳排放配额和经审定的碳减排量并可用于履约。

  “跨区域绝不是一件容易的事。”王阳坦陈,跨区域从系统的技术上并不存在障碍,像异地开户、交易系统的对接等都不是问题,但难的是制度的设计和标准的选择。

  王阳指出,北京对碳排放的管理非常严格,人大有立法,政府有规定,相关部门有实施细则,但具体到履约监管,这些在承德却未必适用,需要两地的相关法律法规保持同步,而这也是建立全国统一市场必须正视的课题。

  而在标准的选择上,王阳坦言,相较于管控力度比较大的北京标准,外省市可能控排的压力并没有北京大,标准或许会放宽,但若交易的产品是一致的、价格是相似的,很有可能会对不同区域的企业产生一定的不公平。

  “从技术角度讲,全国根本不需要那么多碳市场,在建立全国统一的碳市场过程中,应该对现有的试点进行整合。”在北京环境交易所总裁梅德文看来,现在京津冀协同发展上升为国家战略,其中最重要的任务之一是通过各种手段促进环境问题的根本改善,最终还是要通过市场机制促进节能减排,现在无疑是启动京津市场整合的最佳机遇期。

  但不管怎样,基于对碳市场未来发展空间的良好预期,闻到血腥味的许多公司已开始虎视眈眈,誓要抓住这次机会。

  “一个千亿级的市场即将开闸,投资机构要做好准备,打好基础,要不然会很被动。”蒋晶提醒说,在全国碳市场开启之前,投资机构可以先开展业务筹备,以免失去先机。

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In this context, the 26th International Cement Technology and Equipment Exhibition will become an important platform to promote industry innovation, bringing together the world's top suppliers, displaying cutting-edge technology and equipment, and many conference activities will be carried out simultaneously during the exhibition, building a one-stop communication bridge for exhibitors and professional audiences, not only promoting domestic brands. It also helps overseas brands to enter China, thus building a more diversified and specialized global cement industry exchange platform.

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The concrete material industry has gone through a period of large-scale expansion and entered the downturn of the construction market. The whole industry is facing unprecedented challenges, from "supply exceeds demand" to "supply exceeds demand", the output is "ups and downs", and the production capacity is only about 40%. At the same time, the industry not only has to face the government's high requirements for low-carbon environmental protection of industry materials, but also has to adapt to the adjustment of resource quality, such as the reuse of machine-made sand, recycled aggregate and construction waste.

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On the one hand, with the continuous improvement of national requirements for environmental protection and energy conservation, we need to accelerate the pace of transformation and upgrading, and promote green and low-carbon development; on the other hand, the wave of digitalization and intellectualization is sweeping all walks of life, and we also need to keep up with the pace of the times and actively explore new modes of intelligent production and management. In this context, we need a platform to gather industry elites to discuss countermeasures and find new opportunities for development. This conference is such an excellent platform. We feel that it is necessary, timely and significant.

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Looking forward to the future, we still need to continue our efforts in breaking through the existing clinker system, innovating the design of new low-carbon clinker (new clinker), breaking through the time lag and multi-scale barriers, building a digital system without "gap" in the whole process, maximizing the value of data, and supporting low-carbon in the whole process (time-sharing power consumption, coal consumption, low-carbon ratio, etc.).

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It has vigorously promoted "eliminating backwardness, optimizing layout, upgrading technology and eliminating a large number of backward production capacity" and achieved remarkable results.

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The two sides conducted in-depth exchanges and discussions on the development situation of the industry, the transformation and upgrading of the industry and the high-quality development of the industry, and exchanged in detail on the construction of government guidance, the establishment of a platform for the association, the responsibility of the leading enterprises, the participation of all enterprises and how to strengthen the service functions of the Secretariat of the association.

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2023-01-27 17:54:13

12月22日,湖南工信厅发布《湖南省工业领域碳达峰实施方案》的通知。

2022-12-23 13:39:54

11月30日,安徽省经信厅发布《安徽省工业领域碳达峰实施方案》

2022-12-03 13:32:34

水泥行业将以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导,全面贯彻党的二十大精神,立足新发展阶段,完整、准确、全面贯彻新发展理念,认真贯彻落实《建材行业碳达峰实施方案》,引导行业深化低碳、减排治污工作,推动全行业可持续发展,全面提升行业绿色低碳发展水平,推动水泥工业如期实现碳达峰。

2022-11-17 11:51:32

“十四五”期间,建材产业结构调整取得明显进展,行业节能低碳技术持续推广,水泥、玻璃、陶瓷等重点产品单位能耗、碳排放强度不断下降,水泥熟料单位产品综合能耗水平降低3%以上。

2022-11-08 10:10:47

Near the end of the year, the domestic concrete market demand continued to weaken, the cost support declined compared with the previous period, and the price of concrete in many places declined steadily. From December 19 to December 25, the national concrete price index closed at 111.39 points, down 0.80% annually and 10.97% year-on-year.