[原创]东南亚水泥行业概况(二)

2015-05-07 09:05:08

《东南亚水泥行业概况(一)》中介绍了文莱、柬埔寨、印尼、老挝、马来西亚五国的基本经济及水泥行业概况,本文将介绍缅甸、菲律宾、新加坡、泰国、越南的水泥行业现状。

《东南亚水泥行业概况(一)》

缅甸

  2013年缅甸GDP同比增长6.8%至1110亿美元,人均GDP较2012年提高100美元至1700美元。服务业、工业、农业对GDP的贡献率分别达到41.7%、20.3%和38%,工业产值增速达到11.4%,是东盟国家中最高的。缅甸的石油、化肥、装备、水泥和食用油是净进口的,其出口产品有木材制品、天然气、食品和宝石。

 水泥工业

  缅甸拥有13个水泥厂,水泥产能309万吨/年。目前Siam水泥的子公司Mawlamyine Cement Ltd (MCL)正在建设一条180万吨的水泥生产线,Semen Indonesia计划在缅甸建设一条250万吨/年产能的生产线。Myanmar Ceramic Industries是缅甸唯一一个拥有1个以上水泥厂的水泥企业,它有4个水泥厂,产能合计141万吨/年,占缅甸全部产能的45.6%。缅甸有1家粉磨企业,隶属于中国安徽海螺集团,产能为12.8万吨/年。

  USGS2012年矿产调查数据显示2012年缅甸水泥产量为54万吨,较2011年的53.8万吨略有增长(表6)。USGS表示能源来源的不稳定以及基础设施不健全导致大部分水泥企业产能不能完全发挥。2012年缅甸水泥消耗量为400万吨,缅甸投资部门急需投建新的水泥生产线,近年来批准了多个来自不同投资者的水泥生产线建设项目提案。工业部长U Maung Myint 表示:“随着多条水泥生产线项目的批复,国内水泥产能有望达到1050万吨/年。随着建筑业的快速发展,国外投资者在基础设施建设项目如公路、港口、酒店、特殊经济区等项目建材供应上将扮演重要角色。”另外,他强调新建的水泥生产线需要降低能源消耗和碳排放。

  据Siam水泥建材业务部门的缅甸区域负责人Chana Poomee介绍,缅甸的住宅开发主要是在Yangon, Mandalay 和 Nay Pyi Taw。在开放国外投资之后的这几年,消费需求和国际投资大力拉动了缅甸的GDP和人均GDP的增长,同时这增加了水泥销售机会。

  缅甸大部分的水泥需要进口,主要来源国为泰国、印尼、马来西亚和孟加拉。国内水泥市场供不应求,同时国内水泥产品质量差价格高。价格高被归咎于那些小的水泥厂,品质低则被归咎于水泥厂用中国设备和零配件去替换德国设备。Taw Win 建筑的老板则表示:“水泥厂配备缺乏专业知识甚至根本不懂专业的工人,因此水泥的质量是不可靠的,水泥厂的管理和技术力量急需提升。”

  缅甸水泥市场供不应求同时国内水泥高价低质导致其对进口商有较大吸引力。2014年2月,南印度地区的水泥企业开始出口水泥到缅甸。据Dalmia Bharat的CEO Vipin Agarwal表示,出口利润空间并不是非常大,他希望市场能够提供更大的利润空间。意大利水泥集团最近也表示未来几年有意进入缅甸市场,据集团最高领导Carlo Pesenti表示意大利水泥正在与缅甸当地的合作伙伴进行谈判,同时正在研究该国的外商投资相关法律。

  表6:2008-2112年缅甸水泥产量

  

  数据来源: The USGS mineral survey 2012.

 近期事件

  2014年3月Siam水泥宣称其子公司Mawlamyine 水泥(MCL)位于Mon via的180万吨/年的水泥生产线将于2016年投产,该生产线投资40000万美元。Siam水泥的Poomee表示:“我们认为缅甸是东盟的中心地带,这里有很多很好的机会,我们看到了缅甸有巨大的发展潜力。”上述生产线将配备余热发电、垃圾衍生燃料等环保技术。水泥生产线组件由中信重工供应,Cargotec's Siwertell供应一个800t/hr的轨道卸船机。Siam水泥正在缅甸探索投资机会,未来的投资将通过新建和收购的方式进行。

  2014年11月,拉法基在缅甸水泥行业的首个项目--水泥中转库(其功能是水泥再包装和存储)在Thilawa港口附近投入运行。拉法基拥有其60%的股份,两个当地公司各拥有其20%的股份。该中转库可以存储2万吨水泥,其中转能力可以根据需要继续扩大。这样来自马来西亚和越南拉法基工厂的散装水泥就可以进口至缅甸,利用该水泥中转库进行存储和包装,然后供应Thilawa的开发项目。

  2014年11月Myint投资集团与中国安徽海螺水泥集团合资建设了一个水泥项目,即缅甸海螺水泥。该项目为BOT运作模式,Kyaukse地区第33个粉磨站的粉磨能力将因此由400吨/天提升至500吨/天。

  2015年1月Semen Indonesia宣告称如果不能与当地合作伙伴达成一致意见,公司有可能会取消在缅甸的投资计划。对于股价和股权规模的分歧是重点,公司秘书Agung Wiharto表示如果当地合作者要求的价格过高,Semen Indonesia有可能要寻找其他的合作伙伴,或者将投资计划转移至亚洲其他国家。

  展望

  IMF预测2015、2016年缅甸GDP增速将分别达到8.5%、7.6%。USGS认为由于经济改革的不断深化,外商投资将大幅提升,缅甸未来经济将有强劲走势。得益于良好的经济环境和政府的基础设施建设项目(包括通往中国的石油管道、高速公路和交通项目以及深海港口等),不远的将来,新的采矿及水泥项目将得到实施。Siam水泥看到缅甸市场蕴含巨大的潜力,尤其是即将到来的AEC的建立将带来巨大投资机会。“Siam水泥在缅甸进行大规模基础设施建设带来的结构产品增长中看到了更多的机会” Poomee表示,Siam水泥预计到2017年水泥消费将增加10%。

菲律宾

  2013年菲律宾GDP增速为6.8%,GDP总值达到4540亿美元,人均GDP为4700美元,较2012年增加300美元。服务业、工业和农业对GDP的贡献率分别为57.2%、31.6%和11.2%,工业增加值增速为9%。菲律宾是国际贸易中心,2013年,其出口额为475亿美元,进口额为639亿美元。菲律宾主要进口商品为矿物燃料、装备和化学物品,主要出口商品为服装、铜和椰子油。

  水泥工业

  菲律宾有18个水泥厂,综合产能达到2490万吨/年。豪瑞是最大的水泥企业,产能为763万吨/年,有4个水泥厂以及1个独立的粉磨站。拉法基是菲律宾第二大水泥企业,产能为606万吨/年,有5个水泥厂。Cemex是除了上述两家企业之外第三家拥有超过1个水泥厂的水泥企业,是菲律宾第三大水泥企业,拥有2个综合水泥厂,产能483万吨/年。

  据USGS统计,2012年菲律宾水泥产量为1890万吨,较2011年增加280万吨(表7)。据菲律宾水泥制造企业协会(CeMAP)会长Ernesto M Ordonez介绍,2014年全国水泥销量同比增长9.6%,其中国内销量为2130万吨,较2013年增长190万吨。2014年第四季度销量为520万吨,同比增长15.7%。

  销量的大幅增长一方面是由于建筑项目持续增长,另一方面则是源于2013年11月台风海燕之后灾区的重建。据Ordonez介绍,灾后重建拉动的水泥需求预计超过一年的销量。2014年政府提高基础设施建设预算至90亿美元用于支持台风受灾地区的灾后修复和灾后重建,预算额较2013年的66亿美元增加37%。菲律宾统计局(PSA)的统计数据显示2014年1-9月建设投资累计61.7亿美元,同比增长39%,其中非住宅项目建设投资为32.5亿美元,住宅项目投资24.5亿美元。

  豪瑞(菲律宾)2014年的业绩与CeMAP的市场观察一致,其全年净收入为11300万美元,净利润同比增长12.9%至11500万美元。豪瑞(菲律宾)的CEO Eduardo Sahagun表示:“健康的经济环境为公司业务取得良好发展提供了契机,2014年持续的建设热潮所面临的挑战是要确保有足够的水泥供应来保证项目按时、按预算完成。”

  表7:2008-2012年菲律宾水泥产量

  

  数据来源:The USGS mineral survey 2012

 近期事件

  2013年6月,Cemex宣告称将投资6000万美元将其位于Cebu的APO水泥厂的产能由250万吨/年扩大至400万吨/年。同时扩大其位于Rizal的水泥厂产能,对于该厂的具体详情未提及。

  2014年2月豪瑞公告称由于东盟经济共同体(AEC)即将推出,预计投资55000万美元建设的250万吨/年水泥生产线计划(计划2016年投产运行的)有可能会推迟。豪瑞(菲律宾)的Sahagun表示:“由于整个区域发生变化,我们的计划将转变为区域性的全盘计划。”

  2014年3月拉法基公告称在Bulacan投资2500万美元新建了一条85万吨/年的水泥粉磨生产线。该粉磨站计划2015年6月投产。该项目的建设是为了满足由于政府增加基础设施建设投资拉动的水泥需求的增长。

  2014年5月拉法基和全球商业电力公司(GBPC)联合发起一项利用一种称为Kapit-Balay水泥的飞灰水泥来降低灾后重建项目成本的倡议,包括Yolanda地区的重建和Bohol地震灾区的灾后重建。在上述合作框架下,拉法基利用GBPC在发电过程中产生的飞灰来生产水泥。Kapit-Balay水泥通过生产流程优化以及建立直销配送的物流模式来降低重建项目的整体成本。

  2014年11月太平洋水泥公司(PACEMCO)水泥业务的暂停期限延长三个月,以便完成公司与实现水泥厂重新运营所需的投资基金的谈判。5月5日在合作方Surigao del Norte电力公司停止供电后水泥厂暂停运营,停止供电的原因为太平洋水泥公司有至少555432美元的债务未偿还。

  2015年2月,菲律宾最大的两家水泥企业拉法基和豪瑞同意出售拉法基在菲律宾的部分资产,爱尔兰老城堡水泥为资产受让方。

  展望

  IMF预测2015、2016年菲律宾GDP增速将达到6.3%和6%,国民经济能保持强劲增长是由于其经济和建筑业有较好的发展趋势,水泥需求也将受此推动实现稳定增长。公开信息显示的扩建和拟建水泥生产线数量揭示了菲律宾水泥企业对未来水泥需求将延续上涨趋势的预期。

  豪瑞(菲律宾)Sahagun表示公司对于国内水泥需求的前景持乐观态度。“增长的情况对所有企业都是一样的,但从供给端来看要随市场的变化而变化。”Sahagun说。另外他还表示未来几年建筑业和水泥工业的上行趋势将有助于公司完善销售和运营体系,尤其是处于一个政府增加基础设施建设预算、私营部门持续扩张以及公私合营项目快速启动的环境中,公司的发展将受益于此实现更好的发展。

新加坡

  2013年新加坡GDP为3390亿美元,同比增长4.1%;人均GDP为62400美元,同比提高1600美元,是东盟人均GDP最高的国家。根据IMF的定义,新加坡是东南亚唯一一个发达国家。2013年新加坡服务业和工业对GDP的贡献率分别为70.6%和29.4%,工业产值增速为1.7%。新加坡是一个净出口国家,主要出口产品为设备、药品和石油产品,主要进口产品为机械设备、矿物燃料、化学物品和食品。

  水泥工业

  新加坡没有综合水泥厂,只有1个位于Tuas Crescent的30万吨/年的粉磨站,该粉磨站隶属于G&W工业集团。新加坡水泥行业的代表是新加坡水泥和混凝土协会,协会有8家企业会员。

  EnGro在Jurong港有一个水泥中转库,具有60万吨水泥的存储功能,水泥中转能力达120万吨。新加坡水泥制造公司是Hong Leong(亚洲)和Taiheiyo(新加坡)的合资公司,在新加坡港口有一个中转库,该中转库的前身是一个粉磨站,1984年改建为仅用于进口的中转库。新加坡水泥制造公司的第二个中转库位于Jurong港口,水泥存储功能为50万吨。其他的水泥企业例如联合水泥、Sin Heng Chan,同样也是运营水泥中转库。

  2014年9月,拉法基和豪瑞到新加坡竞争委员会(CCS)的许可,在新加坡进行业务整合。豪瑞在新加坡有9个混凝土搅拌站,拉法基只有一些销售点,没有生产基地。在完成公共质询的流程之后CCS表示拉豪合作交易“在新加坡不太可能导致实质性竞争问题”。

  展望

  IMF预测2015年新加坡GDP增速为3%。其建筑业和工业在近几年不太可能出现显著下滑的趋势。尽管新加坡没有水泥生产线,也没有任何建设水泥生产线的计划公布,一旦东盟经济共同体的规划开始实施,国内的水泥贸易商及混凝土生产企业仍能从水泥进口零关税中获利。此外,随着原材料、燃料和熟料进口价格走低,国内有可能兴起粉磨站建设热潮。

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泰国

  2013年泰国GDP增速为2.9%,GDP总值为6730亿美元;人均GDP为9900美元,同比增长300美元。服务业、工业和农业对GDP的贡献率分别为44.2%、436.6%、12.1%。工业产值增速同比下降3.1%,是东盟国家中唯一一个同比下降的国家。泰国是净出口国,主要出口产品有电子产品、设备、大米和鱼类产品,主要进口产品为原材料、燃料和生活消费品。

  水泥工业

  泰国有11个水泥厂,综合产能为4670万吨/年。泰国最大的水泥生产企业是国内的Siam水泥集团,拥有5个水泥厂,水泥产能达到1870万吨/年,包括14万吨的白水泥产能。意大利水泥、Jalaprathan水泥和亚洲水泥在泰国水泥市场也有较大的市场份额。亚洲水泥的水泥厂在Pukrang,Saraburi,产能为500万吨/年。其他跨国公司有Siam城市水泥和Cemex(泰国)。泰国还有2个粉磨站,隶属于Jalaprathan水泥,水泥产能为270万吨/年。

  据USGS统计,2014年泰国水泥产量为4200万吨,与2013年持平(表8)。泰国水泥生产商协会(TCMA)报告称2013年泰国水泥产量为3590万吨,其中3010万吨为国内消费。据其估计,2014年泰国人均水泥消费量为464kg,与2013年持平,但较前几年显著提高。2014年泰国出口333万吨熟料及490万吨水泥,熟料出口量较2013年提高111万吨,水泥出口量与2013年持平。水泥出口自2007年以来保持相对稳定,而熟料出口量已从2007年的峰值1320万吨显著下降。2014年是2007年以来第一次出现熟料出口量同比增长。

  上述数据显示2014年泰国国内水泥企业压力较大。2014年5月22日,泰国军队展开政变,接下来的6个月国内政治动荡不安,军方建立了国家和平和秩序委员会(NCPO)接管国家政权。对于国内建筑业来说这样的环境是非常不利的,重大基础设施建设和国外投资都被延迟或取消了。Siam水泥2014年的业绩报告证实了这一点,当年公司的净利润为10.3亿美元,由于政治动荡及需求平淡同比下滑8%。

  自2013年10月投资审核委员会成员到任期满后,由于政治危机投资审核委员会便再无动作。这使得建筑业及财政部门动作迟缓,新增私人投资大幅减少。2014年6月新的投资审核委员会宣告称一项额度在153-184亿美元的投资计划在等待BOL的批准,其中包括一个Siam水泥的项目。

  在政治危机期间,Siam水泥宣告称由于国家经济前景较为消极,公司将集中精力于水泥出口市场。据公司董事长Kan Trakulhoon表示,2014年1-2月水泥及建筑材料的销量同比下降7%-8%,与之前预估的4%-5%的增长差别巨大。通常12月至来年4月随着人们房屋建造及改造需求的释放,建筑材料进入销售旺季。

  2014年3月TPI Polene宣告称计划在2013-2016年投资34100万美元在其Saraburi生产基地新建300万吨/年产能的生产线。同时公司计划进军可再生能源领域,建设一个90MW的发电系统,燃料为生活垃圾,该计划正在等待环评审查。该发电系统的2/3发电量将售予泰国电力局,其余的供应企业室内用电。该计划自1997年因经济危机被搁浅。TPI Polene将成为经济危机之后泰国第一个进行产能扩张的水泥企业,它已与P&V项目(西门子)、ALC Tournai、Magotteaux和阿特拉斯.科普柯签署了关于该项目的谅解备忘录。

  表8:2010-2014年泰国水泥产量

  

  数据来源:The USGS mineral survey 2012,The USGS cement survey 2015

 展望

  IMF预测泰国2015、2016年GDP增速将分别为4.6%、4.3%。经济学家对该国未来几年市场走势看法不一,有些人认为与东盟其他国家相比泰国的国民经济发展将略显迟缓一些。Siam水泥预期其2015年业绩将大幅增长,主要原因是水泥需求受基础设施建设项目拉动,预计2015年水泥需求同比增长6%至4200万吨。随着国内水泥需求的强劲,Siam水泥预计其水泥及熟料出口量将由2014年的440万吨下降至400万吨。

越南

  2013年越南GDP同比增长5.3%至3590亿美元,人均GDP由2012年的3800美元增至4000美元。服务业、工业和农业对GDP的贡献率分别为42.2%、38.5%和19.3%,工业产值增速为5%。越南是净出口国,其主要出口产品为原油、大米、咖啡和木材,主要进口产品为设备、石油制品原材料和塑料。

  水泥工业

  越南有58个水泥厂,总产能共计9140万吨/年,在东盟国家中水泥厂数量最多,产能规模最大。国内两个最主要水泥企业,一个是国有企业越南水泥工业集团(Vicem),这是越南最大的水泥制造商,拥有12个水泥厂,产能总计2520万吨/年;第二大水泥制造商是Vissai集团,拥有4个水泥厂,产能总计1160万吨/年。越南有15个粉磨站,粉磨能力为1370万吨/年。豪瑞在越南有3个水泥粉磨站,Vicem(通过 Ha-Tien 水泥)控制4个粉磨站,拉法基有1个粉磨站。

  据USGS统计,2014年越南水泥产量为6000万吨,较2013年增加200万吨(表9)。近几年由于基础设施建设和住宅项目的快速发展,越南水泥产量和消费量显著增加。越南建设部表示2014年水泥需求为6500-6700万吨,2014年前11个月全国水泥销量达到6450万吨,同比增长16%,其中4620万吨销往国内市场,销量同比增长8%;1830万吨销往国外市场,销量同比增长43%。2015年1月水泥销量继续增长,同比增长30%至587万吨。

  尽管国内水泥消费量及国外需求水平有所增长,但国内的水泥生产线数量已经堪忧。据越南水泥制造商协会(VCMA)表示,国内水泥生产线的总体产能2015年有望超过9000万吨/年,而需求预计只有7500-7600万吨。2014年3月越南总理Nguyen Tan Dung指示建设部重新评审水泥行业发展规划,淘汰落后产能。2014年初,大量水泥生产线从水泥发展规划中移除,包括9个产能规模小于2500t/d的生产线项目,2014年9月再次移除5个生产线,合计产能为91万吨/年。

  尽管水泥产能长期过剩,但一些水泥投资者由于投入大量资金且无法撤销投资,致使一些水泥项目仍然在建。越南总理还在继续批准扩建项目,并同意延长7个水泥项目建设的最后期限至2015年之后。但2014年4月越南政府表示由于国内水泥严重供过于求,不会再提供外资水泥项目贷款担保。从2012年财政部的一项针对水泥项目利用政府担保贷款的审计中获悉,2012年10个水泥项目业绩出现亏损,其中一些项目可能无法偿还贷款。

  解决产能过剩的一个方法就是继续提高出口销量。2015年2月,越南工商总部胡志明市分部表示要推动越南本地水泥企业将水泥产品出口至苏丹,苏丹的建筑业发展强劲,水泥需求保持增长。然而,USGS表示出口需要注意风险,例如当地落后的基础设施将导致交通不便,同时当地缺乏大型港口。

  表9:2010-2014年越南水泥产量

  

  数据来源: The USGS mineral survey 2012 ,The USGS cement survey 2015.

  近期事件

  2014年2月当局撤销一个Cam Lo,Quang Tri在建的120万吨/年水泥生产线建设许可,原因是该生产线建设进度太过缓慢。该项目2009年6月开工,但公司无法继续建设。2014年3月Quang Nam的Thach My水泥的一条170万吨/年水泥生产线在由于原材料短缺导致短暂的施工延误后开始运行。

  2014年4月,越南水泥制造商无法完成政府规定的余热发电系统建设的情况逐渐显现。在越南水泥工业2020年发展规划中要求,到2015年,所有大于2500t/d的熟料生产线必须配套建设余热发电系统以节约20%的电量消耗。然而,截止到2015年,除了南部地区的豪瑞和Ha Tien和北方地区的Chinfon和Cong Thanh进行了余热发电系统的投资,其他水泥企业由于负债较高且销量低迷未进行余热发电系统的投资建设。

  2014年6月Semen Indonesia宣称将在越南投资30000万美元透过其子公司Thang Long水泥建设一条150万吨/年的生产线。项目预计2015年开工,2018年投产。Semen Indonesia持有Thang Long水泥70%股份,Thang Long水泥目前拥有230万吨/年水泥产能,第二条230万吨/年的水泥厂产线处于安装阶段。

  2014年8月Vissai集团签署了一份法国Ciment de Bourbon留尼旺岛高速公路项目150万吨水泥供应合同。据Vissai集团副主任Nguyen Tien Dat表示这是越南国内水泥企业迄今为止获得的最大合同。合同规定熟料船运价格为42美元/吨,供应年限为5年。

  2014年10月,7000升有毒石油从下龙湾边缘提取出来,送往豪瑞Hon Chong水泥厂进行处置。据当地媒体报道,该水泥厂是越南唯一具有处置危险品技术的水泥厂。石油污染物为多氯联苯(PCBSA),该物质可导致内分泌失调、神经中毒以及癌症,在越南是非法生产的。

  2015年2月,DAP联合股份公司,一家自2009年开始生产了200万吨合成石膏的企业,开始利用其石膏生产水泥添加剂。DAP与Vicem签订了合作协议,协议规定Vicem有义务使用DAP生产的水泥添加剂。年产能60万吨的石膏回收企业Dinh Vu Gypsum JSC为Vicem位于Ha Nam的But Son水泥厂提供1万吨人工石膏。

  2015年2月,Vissai集团开始开展Do Luong水泥厂的工作,这个水泥厂最终将以48800万美元的代价售予Nghe An的Song Lam水泥厂。新增600万吨产能,将以两个阶段实现投产,一期项目为两条6000t/d熟料生产线,预计2016年投产;二期项目为一条6000t/d熟料生产线,建设时间为2017-2020年。

  展望

  IMF预测越南2015、2016年GDP增速分别为5.6%、6%。据越南建设部预计,2015年水泥和熟料综合销量将达到7300万吨,其中国内市场消耗5200-5300万吨,2000-2100万吨为出口销量。VCMA预测2015年水泥出口金额将达到10亿美元,比2014年提高15%。对于越南水泥企业来说未来几年最大的挑战是市场供需关系的平衡,基础设施和港口的改善将促使出口业务增加,而同时东盟国家水泥需求及非洲国家出口业务也处于持续增长趋势。

  附录:东盟各国水泥企业及产能


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Correlation

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