水泥等行业有望在明年底前纳入全国碳市场

2021-10-29 10:04:46

第四季度全国碳市场有望进入交易活跃期。

全国碳市场首日成交410万吨后,交易量持续走低,连续多日无大宗交易。随着首个履约周期截止时间的迫近,第四季度全国碳市场有望进入交易活跃期。

全国碳排放权交易市场7月16日开市交易以来,至今已满百日。

上海环境能源交易所的公告显示,截至10月22日,全国碳市场共运行64个交易日,碳排放配额(CEA)累计成交量1911.06万吨,累计成交金额8.63亿元。挂牌协议交易最高成交价61.07元/吨、最低成交价41.00元/吨,成交均价约45元/吨。

据清华大学能源环境经济研究所执行所长张希良此前测算,目前中国全经济尺度的边际减排成本大概是7美元。碳市场若要发挥有效作用,碳价应该大于或等于每吨7美元。换算下来,目前碳价已经高于这个水平。

然而,对比坚挺的交易价格,碳交易量却持续萎缩。记者查阅发现,全国碳市场首日成交410万吨后,交易量持续走低,连续多日无大宗交易。

中国人民大学环境学院教授庞军对记者表示,当前全国碳市场活跃度普遍不高,究其原因,一是市场主体相对单一,只有电力行业参与碳市场,钢铁、有色金属、石化、化工、建材、造纸和航空等高耗能行业还未参与。二是当前碳配额的发放较为宽松,企业缺乏紧迫感。三是尚未接近履约周期截止时间,控排企业存在观望情绪。

业内认为,随着首个履约周期截止时间的迫近,第四季度全国碳市场有望进入交易活跃期。

专家建议适当收紧配额

发电行业是首个纳入全国碳市场的行业。

启动初期,全国碳市场只在发电行业2000多家重点排放单位之间开展配额现货交易。根据生态环境部的相关测算,纳入首批碳市场覆盖的企业碳排放量超过40亿吨。这意味着,我国碳市场一经启动就成为全球覆盖温室气体排放量规模最大的碳市场。

其中,配额是碳市场的核心环节之一。

根据《2019~2020年全国碳排放权交易配额总量设定与分配实施方案(发电行业)》,碳排放配额是指重点排放单位拥有的发电机组产生的二氧化碳排放限额,包括化石燃料消费产生的直接排放和净购入电力所产生的间接排放。

采用基准法核算机组配额总量的公式为:机组配额总量=供电基准值×实际供电量×修正系数+供热基准值×实际供热量。

清华大学能源环境经济研究所副教授张达对记者称,由于我国电力、热力等能源市场尚在改革进程中,碳价无法完全通过市场从生产端传导到消费端。为了体现消费者的减排责任,释放消费端的减排潜力,全国碳市场目前不仅纳入了化石燃料燃烧产生的直接碳排放,也纳入了电热使用产生的间接碳排放。

可以发现,配额的松紧程度、发放方式直接决定了碳市场的活跃程度以及碳价水平。因此,配额是否会进行调整,成为当下碳市场关心的焦点问题。

中国人民大学应用经济学院副院长、教授陈占明对记者分析,国际上主流的碳配额分配方式有三种:基准线法、历史强度法和拍卖法。其中,基准线法是以行业平均排放效率为基准线,对排放技术先进的企业更有利。相反,历史强度法更照顾历史排放量较大的企业,而他们很可能就是过去技术水平落后于行业平均的企业。基准线法和历史强度法都基于政府免费分配的原则,而拍卖法的不同在于,初始的排放权归政府所有,企业只有通过市场上的有偿购买行为才能获得碳排放权,政府则可统筹拍卖收益用于绿色发展。当前,中国主要采取的是基准线法,少数地区试点了历史强度法。

陈占明认为,从经济学的角度出发,采取任何一种配额分配方式,只要搭建起一个有效的碳市场,都不会影响总量控制的效果和市场效率,企业可以通过自发的交易实现有效的减排。但是,政府必须做好两点:一是配合总量的配额设计。过高的总量配额会导致市场的闲置,过低的配额则会给企业造成较大的成本负担。二是降低交易成本。无论交易量是高是低,每个企业都有一个初始的固定成本投入。如果交易量过低,平摊下来交易成本就会相对高。因此要通过政策鼓励,提升交易的活跃程度。

张达表示,之所以目前全国碳市场的配额总量没有采取一个固定值,而是通过“自下而上”与“自上而下”相结合的方法设定,形成具有一定灵活性的总量,这是由我国的国情决定的。当前,我国经济仍处于中高速发展时期,区域和行业发展不平衡。经济发展阶段特征和电力市场化条件,决定了全国碳市场在初期总体上是一个基于强度的碳市场,实质上是一个多行业的可交易碳排放绩效基准,兼具碳税和补贴两种政策激励效果。

张达认为,“十四五”期间,全国碳市场建设应力争实现对八个重点高耗能高排放行业的全覆盖,按“严控增量”的原则,设定全国碳市场配额总量和确定行业碳排放基准,积极发挥全国碳市场建设在实现2030年前碳达峰目标中的作用。“十五五”期间,应进一步扩大全国碳市场行业参与程度和覆盖企业数量,按“稳中有降”的原则,设定全国碳市场配额总量和确定行业碳排放基准,逐步扩大配额有偿分配比例,进一步提高全国碳市场建设在双碳目标中的地位和作用。

CCER可抵5%,冲击几何

全国碳市场首个履约周期于今年1月1日启动,到今年12月31日截止。涉及的重点排放单位需要完成一系列工作,包括数据报告核查和配额清缴履约等。

10月26日,生态环境部网站发布《关于做好全国碳排放权交易市场第一个履约周期碳排放配额清缴工作的通知》,明确全国碳市场第一个履约期,控排企业可使用CCER(国家核证自愿减排量)抵消碳排放配额清缴。

根据规定,用于配额清缴抵消的CCER,应同时满足两个要求:一是抵消比例不超过应清缴碳排放配额的5%;二是不得来自纳入全国碳市场配额管理的减排项目。

约一个月前,中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发《关于深化生态保护补偿制度改革的意见》,明确提出:健全以国家温室气体自愿减排交易机制为基础的碳排放权抵消机制,将具有生态、社会等多种效益的林业、可再生能源、甲烷利用等领域温室气体自愿减排项目纳入全国碳排放权交易市场。

庞军表示,上述政策可以通过市场化的手段,刺激林业碳汇、可再生能源的发展。但是,CCER可能会对全国碳市场造成一定程度的冲击。由于目前CCER的交易价格相对较低,企业势必会降低购买碳排放权的意愿,从而影响碳价和碳交易量。

值得注意的是,自2017年3月起,温室气体自愿减排相关备案事项已暂缓。全国碳市场第一个履约周期可用的CCER均为2017年3月前产生的减排量。

国泰君安研报显示,根据中国自愿减排交易信息平台,首批纳入碳交易的电力企业和其他行业自备电厂排放总量超过33亿吨二氧化碳当量,按照使用CCER抵消碳排放配额的比例不超过5%来计算,首批交易主体对CCER的需求量将达1.65亿吨/年,而目前减排量备案0.51亿吨,备案项目总计1.3亿吨/年。因此,全国碳排放交易正式开展以后,短期内CCER将是供不应求的状态。

既然CCER和碳市场都是服务于同一个碳中和目标,为何要予以区分对待,设定5%的抵消限制?

庞军解释,碳市场的一个重要目的是通过设定合理的碳配额总量来削减控排企业的碳排放量,并利用市场机制将碳排放的外部环境成本内部化,鼓励企业通过技术升级等方式,逐步降低碳排放。虽然CCER从另一个角度实现了整体降碳,但是CCER的引入相当于增加了碳配额供给总量,从而改变了碳配额供求关系;CCER抵消比例过大将会对碳市场价格及碳减排效果产生较大影响,这就违背了政策设计的初衷。因此,CCER只能作为碳市场的一种有益补充,并严格限制其抵消比例。

张达认为,虽然CCER可抵消清缴相当于提供了额外的碳配额,但这种冲击是相对可控的。一方面,目前规定抵消比例不超过应清缴碳排放配额的5%,比重不高。另一方面,碳配额的供给主要取决于基准线的划定,未来有可调整的空间。

针对后期碳市场的发展问题,上海环境能源交易所董事长赖晓明日前表示,目前全国碳市场增加交易主体、扩大交易范围的各项举措都在推进中。其中,有色冶炼、水泥、钢铁等行业都有望在明年底前纳入全国碳市场。同时,机构投资者入市也在加快推进中。

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Correlation

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在水泥市场低迷,产能过剩严重的情况下,推进水泥企业稳妥有序进入全国碳市场,采取碳排放“双控”制度,利于化解行业产能过剩,激励企业形成“排碳有成本、减碳有收益”的绿色低碳意识,倒逼企业开展节能降碳改造,实现绿色低碳高质量发展,从而实现行业的长期健康发展。

2023-08-23 18:23:24

上涨势头能够持续多久?后市行业利润表现又将如何?

2023-08-21 11:25:39

面临需求长期下行和双碳目标压力,“水泥行业应如何进一步深化供给侧结构性改革以实现高质量发展”是当前摆在行业面前迫切需要解决的问题......

2023-08-16 09:11:11

何谓碳市场交易?你对“带碳”名词又了解多少?

2023-08-15 09:07:20

水泥行业纳入碳交易市场无疑会影响企业的生产经营成本,水泥企业应加强重视,积极学习和熟悉碳交易的政策和运行机制,储备相关专业人员。

2023-08-14 09:34:25

水泥作为节能降碳的重点领域,使用替代燃料既可以降低企业的成本压力,又能够减少碳排放,实现经济效益和环境效益的双重提升。

2023-08-11 10:19:43

面对当前严峻的市场态势,节能降碳、控制成本成为各大企业的重点工作任务。

2023-08-09 09:46:15

为积极响应国家环保政策,贯彻绿色低碳发展理念,中国水泥网将在河南郑州举办“2023水泥‘双碳’大会暨第十届中国水泥节能环保技术交流大会”,助力水泥行业向更低碳、更节能、更绿色的高质量发展迈进。

2023-08-07 14:51:01

为积极响应国家环保政策,贯彻绿色低碳发展理念,中国水泥网将在河南郑州举办“2023水泥‘双碳’大会暨第十届中国水泥节能环保技术交流大会”,助力水泥行业向更低碳、更节能、更绿色的高质量发展迈进。

2023-08-04 10:10:06

贵州水泥市场近几年的行情变动可以说是为当下全国水泥市场充当了“斥候”,面对困境,全行业更要树立以行业利益为优先的共识,否则迎来的只有无止境的亏损。

2023-07-23 13:49:18

若水泥行业完全纳入碳市场,碳市场空间巨大,同时碳配额逐年收紧,小企业受成本压力更容易出清或被并购,龙头企业将掌握更大的市场份额,拥有更强的定价话语权,有利于价格中枢上移。

2023-07-20 11:09:38

四川地区限电、减产部分市场复价上调水泥价格30元/吨。

2023-07-14 18:03:15

既然产能无法完全发挥,大部分水泥企业可能根本不需要去外购碳排放指标,碳交易市场或许并不会像大家想像的那般火热。

2023-07-11 17:26:33

水泥企业如何在生存和发展中找到平衡点?寻找新的机遇和利润增长点?

2023-07-08 14:38:57

据中国水泥网行情数据消息,四川德绵及云南昆明地区周内复价上调水泥价格30-60元/吨,执行待观察。贵州黔中地区水泥价格继续下调20-30元/吨左右。

2023-07-07 16:40:32