[原创]十三五期间中资水泥企业“走出去”小结

2020-11-26 13:35:26

据水泥大数据研究院统计,截至目前中资企业企业十三五期间合计在海外投产了17条水泥熟料生产线,合计熟料产能达到2173万吨。

2013年,国家提出建设“新丝绸之路经济带”和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的倡议(简称“一带一路”倡议),强调相关各国要打造互利共赢的“利益共同体”和共同发展繁荣的“命运共同体”。2015年3月,《推动共建丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路的愿景与行动》发布。受“一带一路”倡议刺激,中企企业对外投资意愿的爆发式增长,2014年-2015年两年内中资企业出海投资水泥资产的意向项目总数达到45个之多,随着项目推进、建设直至投产,十三五成为中资水泥企业海外投资开花结果的重要时期。

“十三五”期间中企海外投产超2000万吨,2020年最多

据水泥大数据研究院统计,截至目前中资企业企业十三五期间合计在海外投产了17条水泥熟料生产线,合计熟料产能达到2173万吨,其中2020年投产的数量和产能均为历年最高。不仅如此,而且今年诞生了中资企业在海外投产产能及投资的最大单体水泥项目,即印尼任抹红狮8000t/d生产线,投资约人民币20亿元。

图1:“十三五”期间中资企业海外投产合计2173万吨

资料来源:水泥大数据(https://data.ccement.com/)

九成以上位于亚洲,中企最青睐印尼

这17条生产线中,主要分布在亚洲地区,其中又以东南亚最多,占据了一半以上,中亚其次,约有1/4的产能位于中亚地区,南亚和非洲的产能不到10%。中资企业在印尼形成的产能最大,约有600万吨,缅甸其次有310万吨,在其他国家形成的产能均在300万吨以下。

图2、3:90%以上位于亚洲,东南亚最多

资料来源:水泥大数据(https://data.ccement.com/)

三足鼎立,玩家格局已定

在2010年以前,国内市场发展正如火如荼,彼时选择出海投资建设水泥生产线的中国企业主要是小水泥企业、贸易企业、跟随工程或基建类企业配套的项目等,少见大型水泥企业的身影。这类企业尽管出海较早,但建设的项目产能规模普遍不大,均在3000t/d以下,且基本是单点作战,未形成规模,无长期发展战略规划。

2011年,海螺水泥抓住中印启动双边基础设施、水泥项目等领域深化合作的机遇,第一个海外项目落定印尼,从2012年建厂至2014年投产仅仅用了两年时间,印尼南加海螺是海螺海外发展的第一站,国际化战略成为海螺“十二五”战略之首,实现了中国水泥工业真正意义上的“走出去”。2015年,海螺水泥提出在“十三五”期间将全面布局海外项目,2018-2020年,印尼北苏海螺、马德望海螺、琅勃拉邦海螺、曼德雷海螺等多个项目陆续点火。

在2013年“一带一路”倡议提出之时,红狮相中“一路”沿线四国,圈定了尼泊尔、老挝、印度尼西亚、缅甸这四个国家,准备在当地投资建设5个大型新型干法水泥项目。2018年,万象红狮和红狮希望项目陆续点火投产。今年上半年印尼任抹红狮项目成功投产。

华新水泥也早早将目光投向海外市场,是走出去的先行者。未加入东南亚战局,华新另辟蹊径,从中亚出发,2013年第一个海外项目于塔吉克斯坦亚湾厂正式投产,2016年在塔吉克斯坦的第二条生产线投产,2019-2020年,华新水泥又通过自建和收购的方式分别布局了乌兹别克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和坦桑尼亚。

可以说十二五是中资水泥龙头企业的海外战略发轫期,十三五迎来收获期,海螺、红狮和华新三足鼎立,投产产能分别占总产能的30%,27%和20%。

投资方式上,海螺水泥和红狮集团基本以自建产线为主,华新则选择自建和收购并进。

图4:中资企业海外产能分布(按企业)

资料来源:水泥大数据(https://data.ccement.com/)

全球政经形势复杂化,海外投资机会缩窄

随着中美冲突升级,逆全球化浪潮席卷全球,今年年初又遭遇新冠疫情,对全球经济造成了海啸般的冲击,多国经济受创严重,GDP呈负增长状态。由于疫情原因,建筑业、基建、房地产等行业增速普遍放缓,致使今年上半年水泥需求萎缩。冬季来临,欧美疫情再次爆发,未来市场存在高度不确定性。11月15日,区域全面经济伙伴关系协定(RCEP)签署,水泥进出口市场又面临新的变化。

笔者认为未来海外水泥行业投资机会缩窄,三家大企业占据主要市场的格局将会得到强化:一、水泥行业区域性明显,一个地区能够容纳的产能有限,随着各大企业布局的深入,优质投资机会已被瓜分,所剩无几;二、近几年全球经济放缓,疫情更是给全球经济增长雪上加霜,水泥行业已经面临全球性产能过剩,竞争必然加剧;二、海外投资周期长,投资大,尽管政策护航之下,投资意愿激增,但中资在海外投资水泥项目成功率不高,多数项目因政策、市场等原因未能进展下去,投资行为逐渐趋向理性。无论是自建还是并购,海外生产线投资数额都巨大,成本远高于国内,普通企业难有实力。海外投资门槛变高,只有大企业的能拿到门票。

十四五规划第40条提到,要推动共建“一带一路”高质量发展。如何实现水泥行业走出去高质量发展呢?笔者认为要坚持绿色、开放、数字化转型的理念,深化国际产能合作,发挥中资企业的技术、管理优势,输出规则和标准,取得共赢。

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