"Live within one's means", the ancient Chinese financial precept, is beginning to look pale and shabby in the rapidly developing economic tide of our country. The strong mentality of the nouveau riche makes Chinese people no longer regard frugality as beauty. A trend of "catching up with and surpassing learning" in the residential construction industry is flowing warmly in people's hearts.
China's per capita income is just over $1,000, which is far from that of developed countries with per capita income of over $10,000 or even tens of thousands of dollars, but the standard of ordinary housing in China is much higher than that of developed countries. At the same time, China's energy consumption per unit building area is 2 to 3 times that of developed countries. How can such a situation achieve moderate, reasonable and sustainable development of housing construction in China?
Some experts and scholars in the field of architecture believe that China may have become the world's largest construction waste country. The real estate bubble once dragged down Hainan's economy
China's residential units are getting bigger and bigger
Recently, the 16th annual meeting of the Small and Medium-sized Cities Branch of the China Urban Science Research Association was held in Boao, Hainan. "At present, there is such a phenomenon in the market that while efforts are being made to advocate energy conservation and scientific consumption, the size of the apartment is getting bigger and bigger," said Song Chunhua, president of the Architectural Society of China, in his report on "residential construction in the transition period of the real estate market" at the annual meeting. But in contrast, in 2004, China's per capita GDP was only 1200 dollars.
Song Chunhua pointed out that too large units have become the main problem to be solved in building energy conservation in China. China's urban per capita housing area has reached 24.97 square meters in 2004, with a per capita growth of 5.37 square meters in the past five years, which is unique in the world.
According to China's new policy definition, the standard for consumers to enjoy the ordinary housing policy is within 120 square meters, while allowing all localities to rise by 20%, that is, within 144 square meters. Song Chunhua said, "the residential standard of 144 square meters is already a luxury house in Japan.". In a country with a per capita GDP of more than 1000 US dollars, living in 144 square meters is still an ordinary residence, which basically reflects the problems existing in our concept of residential consumption.
From 1990 to 2002, the average size of new residential units in Japan basically fluctuated between 80 and 100 square meters. In developed countries, after long-term living practice, a moderate, reasonable and sustainable development range has been determined: the construction area of a single apartment is between 85 square meters and 100 square meters. From the 1970s to the 1990s, the new residential units in these developed countries were getting bigger and bigger, and now they have returned to a reasonable range. In 2002, the average floor area of new residential buildings in Japan, Sweden and Germany was 85 square meters, 90 square meters and 99 square meters respectively.
As a matter of fact, as early as 1998, UNDP summed up the gains and losses of human consumption in the 20th century in the "Human Development Report," and warned: In the 20th century, human consumption grew rapidly, but there were some misunderstandings, and conspicuous, competitive, and ostentatious consumption appeared.Song Chunhua pointed out: "If we can be more rational on the issue of house type and make the area of the house type a little smaller without reducing the comfort and quality of life, we can not only reduce the heavy pressure of buying houses, but also reduce the considerable expenditure in long-term housing consumption."
The average life span of residential buildings in China is too short
At present, the annual demolition rate of old buildings in China accounts for about 40% of the new building area. Song Chunhua pointed out that the regeneration design of old buildings should be advocated to avoid destructive construction. In recent years, many buildings with normal service life have been forcibly demolished in China, which greatly shortens the service life of residential buildings, which does not meet the requirements of energy saving and building a conservation-oriented society, and is another major cause of waste of resources.
According to the mandatory standard of our country, the reasonable service life of ordinary buildings is 50 years. However, the statistical results show that the average life of buildings in China is less than 30 years, while the average life cycle of buildings in Europe is more than 80 years.
Song Chunhua introduced a typical case of renovating old buildings in developed countries in Europe. In Oslo, the capital of Norway, after a large barrel grain depot built in 1953 was abandoned, the government did not demolish it, but decided to invite tenders for its reuse. The final winning use was to transform it into an apartment for university students. The specific renovation design scheme is to open the building passage from the middle, with auxiliary rooms on both sides, as small kitchens, etc., which are used as living rooms for students. Now, the old grain depot has been transformed into a 16-storey apartment for college students.
From the functional point of view, this building was originally used as a granary. Its main body was a reinforced concrete structure, and the exterior wall itself was insulated. After the transformation, the facade of the granary was repainted, and the shape was very unique, with some post-modern implications.
From a cultural point of view, the reformers carry out regeneration with an attitude of respecting culture and attaching importance to history. At the entrance of the apartment, an electric locomotive head used to transport grain in those years was retained, and a large scale used to weigh grain in those years was also retained.
This is completely different from the attitude toward old buildings in Taiwan. The common practice of treating old buildings in Taiwan can be said to be "too casual and too cruel." They are usually blown up and demolished.Song Chunhua proposed that we should advocate improving the living environment of old buildings and extending their service life through maintenance and renewal. "Demolition for reasons other than building itself should also be demonstrated by the corresponding departments and experts, and buildings in important areas should even enter the hearing procedure."
Excessive consumption of resources in residential construction and use
At present, the phenomenon of extravagance and waste in China's construction industry can be found everywhere. The direct and indirect energy consumption of buildings has accounted for 46.7% of the total energy consumption of the whole society. 95% of the existing buildings in China can not meet the energy-saving standards, and more than 80% of the new buildings can not meet the energy-saving standards. The energy consumption per unit building area is 2 to 3 times that of developed countries, which has caused heavy energy burden and serious environmental pollution to the society. At the same time, there are still some problems in the construction, such as low utilization rate of land resources, serious water pollution and waste of building consumables.
At present, some residential areas often like to put on a show in the environmental landscape, emphasizing decoration over practicality. Some residential areas are engaged in the construction of "big waterscape", "big green space" and "big square", which wastes a lot of land, but they are stingy with the necessary bicycle parking garages and leisure places, and the space is getting smaller and smaller.
Gu Yunchang, vice president and Secretary-General of the China Real Estate Association, said that we always have waterscape houses, and waterscape is the selling point. The waterscape is really beautiful, but what kind of water is it? Is it tap water or natural water or reclaimed water? If it's tap water, it's better not to use it. China boasts vast territory and abundant resources, but its per capita resources are alarmingly small: China's per capita arable land is only one-third of the world's per capita arable land, and its water resources are only one-fourth of the world's per capita share. The housing construction in our country is developing very fast, but the cost is too high and the price is too high. Professor Chang Qing, director of the Department of Architecture of Tongji University, said that compared with developed countries, the consumption of residential steel in China is 10% to 25% higher, the consumption of sanitary ware is 30% higher, and the reuse rate of sewage is only 25% of that in developed countries. Song Chunhua, president of the Architectural Society of China, was deeply touched after returning from a visit to Japan. Although Japan has a developed economy and abundant wealth, the Japanese spare no effort to save energy, which can be described as painstaking and ingenious. They designed a wash basin above the flush toilet to collect the wash water from family members after urinating and defecating to flush the toilet. Japanese people have the habit of soaking in hot water, but they design the shower head not to hang on the wall, but to hang on the side of the bathtub. Family members take a bath first, and then the whole family soak in the hot water of the bathtub one after another. With these two small ideas, I don't know how much water the Japanese have saved in a year!Prominent problems in architectural scheme design and review
Deng Xiaomei, deputy director of the Engineering Management Research Institute of the Department of Construction Management Engineering of Tsinghua University, said that many large buildings in our country are blindly seeking to be big, new, and foreign, "not seeking the best, but seeking the most expensive." After a one-time high investment, they are often accompanied by long-term high operating and maintenance costs.Due to technological progress, many new design methods can now be adopted. There is too much freedom of choice in structure and technology. Therefore, if designers do not have the concept of energy saving and sustainable development, it may lead to huge waste. For example, many buildings have installed full glass curtain walls in order to pursue the facade effect; but a large amount of heat radiation comes in, and the building itself will not breathe, so its central air-conditioning system will continue to operate, increasing energy consumption. In recent years, the office buildings of the Hainan Provincial People's Congress and the CPPCC have been criticized and criticized by many NPC deputies and CPPCC members.
Wu Liangyong, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and a famous architect, pointed out that in the West, deformed buildings that often appear only in books, magazines, or exhibitions are now being built in Beijing and a few other big cities. He warned that large-scale construction projects should be based on the premise of practicality, economy and safety, and should not only pursue novelty and specialty, but also be a "testing ground for foreign architects". Deng Xiaomei said that China's economy has indeed developed in recent years, and everyone is very proud of it. Some people are eager to show that China has become rich, creating city business cards, buildings that will not lag behind for a hundred years, landmark buildings, and so on, so that there are many high-sounding reasons for extravagance and waste. But in fact, they held the idea of Western countries in the early 19th century, when the industrial revolution had just made a breakthrough and had new capabilities, so they wanted to build skyscrapers. Such a concept is obviously backward and outdated. But on the other hand, there is no lack of people of insight in the field of architecture. How did the extravagant, wasteful, and malpractice-ridden buildings "make their mark"? In fact, in the evaluation process of domestic construction schemes, it is not uncommon to violate the tender and construction scale, exceed the investment limit, or even overturn the evaluation results for the second evaluation, resulting in "the owner orders, the state invites guests".Some experts who have participated in the review of architectural design schemes have revealed some unspoken rules in the review: Because the owners draw kickbacks by percentage, designs with large investment and high cost are easy to pass. This often happens in projects invested by the state, or in projects run by government officials and sponsored by state monopolies; local officials and owners control the decision-making power, and expert opinions are only for reference or window dressing; the black box operation of bidding is just a farce written, directed and performed by themselves. Many leaders are keen to invite foreign architects to design, although the design cost is much higher, even several times the fee standard of domestic design units, but there is an unspeakable advantage that everyone knows, that is, they can take the opportunity to go abroad for "investigation".
Control of residential construction waste requires economic measures
Gu Yunchang, vice chairman and Secretary-General of the China Real Estate Association, said that at present, the number of our buildings ranks first in the world, and the annual construction volume of Shanghai and Beijing is almost the annual construction volume of the whole of Europe, and this speed will continue. If our way of growth is still the way it is today, how can we live up to today's society, how can we live up to future generations, how can we live up to consumers? Some experts have analyzed and concluded that according to the current mode of economic growth, if China wants to reach the current living standard and GDP level of the Americans, the resources we need must be provided by three earths -- but we humans have only one earth.The increasingly serious problem of building pollution cannot be underestimated. According to statistics, in the overall environmental pollution, air pollution, light pollution and electromagnetic pollution related to construction account for 34%; construction waste accounts for 40% of the total amount of waste generated by human activities.
At present, the construction department has begun to vigorously advocate "energy-saving and land-saving" buildings, the connotation of which is energy-saving, land-saving, water-saving, and material-saving. By 2020, most of the existing buildings in China will have completed energy-saving renovation, new buildings will achieve the goal of 65% energy-saving, the water-saving rate in the process of building construction and use will be increased by more than 30% on the existing basis, and the total consumption of non-renewable resources in new buildings will be reduced by more than 30%.
In the face of the phenomenon of extravagance and waste in China's residential construction industry, some experts and scholars have also put forward countermeasures and suggestions for standardization and adjustment. For example, the evaluation process of all design schemes for important public works should be made public, and all schemes, the list of judges, the evaluation opinions, and the bidding process should be published in professional architectural magazines or websites. In a relatively transparent environment, the participants will be more responsible, more self-disciplined, and pay more attention to the level and fairness of the evaluation opinions.
In terms of accountability, some experts and scholars have pointed out that the "collective decision-making" traditionally used in our country is not conducive to accountability. There are many participants in a large-scale public project, and what responsibilities each participant has in it needs to be clarified through clear legal authorization or contract procedures.
Some experts and scholars have put forward the suggestion of using economic means to regulate and control the excessive consumption of energy. For example, commercial buildings can set a quota according to the amount of energy used per square meter, which cannot be exceeded. After exceeding the quota, electricity and water prices should be overcharged according to the standard. Zheng Guangfu, a professor in the Department of Architecture at Southeast University, also pointed out that if the government wants to intervene in the construction of residential buildings, it can adopt an economic rather than administrative approach. How much energy do you consume? I charge you energy tax.
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