[原创]水泥贸易国际化,中国能分几杯羹?

2018-08-01 10:59:07

2017年全年,世界水泥跨国贸易总值达到了88亿美元,中国占比6.6%,再次成为水泥国际贸易第一大国。泰国凭借其6.3%的占比排名第二,但仅比中国低0.3个百分点。据水泥大数据研究院的统计,中国目前的水泥产能已经达到了36亿吨,而世界第二的印度水泥产能为3.22亿吨/年,两者有着巨大的差距。在世界水泥需求急速增长的情况下,中国企业需要抓住机遇,让中国水泥更多地走出去。

  2017年全年,世界水泥跨国贸易总值达到了88亿美元,中国占比6.6%,再次成为水泥国际贸易第一大国。泰国凭借其6.3%的占比排名第二,但仅比中国低0.3个百分点。据水泥大数据研究院的统计,中国目前的水泥产能已经达到了36亿吨,而世界第二的印度水泥产能为3.22亿吨/年,两者有着巨大的差距。在世界水泥需求急速增长的情况下,中国企业需要抓住机遇,让中国水泥更多地走出去。

一、2017年国际水泥贸易行业回顾

  2017年整一年,全球水泥贸易的总价值达到了88亿美元。

  作为一种重要的建筑材料,水泥常以灰色粉末、白色粉末或者熟料块的形式进行贸易。如果按种类来分,硅酸盐水泥在国际水泥贸易中占据了67%的比重。考虑到硅酸盐水泥是制造混凝土、砂浆、灰墁和水泥浆的主要成分,它能在国际水泥贸易中占据如此大的比重也毫不意外。除了硅酸盐水泥以外,熟料在国际水泥贸易中的比重达到了24.7%,水硬水泥和铝酸盐水泥分别占据5.5%和2.9%。

  在2013年,国际贸易水泥的总价值为130亿美元,而到去年,这一数字下降了接近32.4%。即使和2016年相比,2017年的国际贸易水泥总值也同比下滑了9.4%。

  过去一年,在全球范围内,亚洲国家为全世界输出了总值最高的水泥产品,所有亚洲国家合计出口了总值接近41亿美元的水泥产品,约占全球水泥贸易总值的46.1%。排在第二位的是欧洲大陆,欧洲的水泥出口总值占全球总值的35.6%,而北美的水泥出口总值仅占8.8%。排在末尾的是非洲和拉丁美洲(除墨西哥)及加勒比海地区,占有量分别为5.9%和2.7%。

  图1:2017年国家水泥出口贸易总值Top15

  数据来源:世界贸易网,水泥大数据研究院

  如上图所示,2017年水泥出口贸易价值前15位的国家总值达到了世界水泥贸易总值的61.3%。但是只有4个国家自2013年以来,水泥出口总值有所上升,加拿大、爱尔兰、日本和泰国分别上涨了52%、39.9%、5.9%和3.5%。与之相比,有不少国家自2013年以来水泥出口总值有所下滑,排在前列的国家有巴基斯塔、越南、土耳其、中国和美国,下滑幅度分别达到了60.3%、43.7%、28%、27.1%和24%。

  另一项数据展示了去年水泥进出口净利润的国家排名,福布斯的投资百科(Investopedia)将国家出口总值减去进口总值的差额定义为进出口净利润。因此,水泥进出口净利润展示了国家的水泥出口总值减去在同一水泥产品上的进口总值。中国在这项数据上依旧独树一帜,以5.28亿美元的净利润排名第一,但是仅高于第二的土耳其0.08亿美元,且和2013年相比,中国自身这项数据下滑了30.3%。

  图2:2017年国家水泥进出口净利润Top15

  数据来源:世界贸易网,水泥大数据研究院

  与之相对,另一项排名是世界水泥贸易净支出的排名,在这项榜单上排名靠前则表示这些国家在2017年购入了大量的进口水泥。在这项排名上,美国以9.57亿美元的净支出排名第一。可见美国对水泥有着巨大的需求,但是美国的水泥生产环境不足以支撑国内的水泥需求,需要依赖世界范围内的水泥生产国家。另外,中国香港去年在进口水泥上净支出2.48亿美元,同样榜上有名。

  图3:2017年国家水泥贸易净支出Top15

  数据来源:世界贸易网,水泥大数据研究院

  据统计,2017年世界十大水泥出口企业中,中国大陆有四家企业上榜,其中安徽海螺凭借其在世界范围内庞大的市场占有率,在这份榜单上排名第一。另外,中国台湾的台湾水泥排名第八。

  表1:2017年世界十大水泥出口企业

  数据来源:世界贸易网,环球水泥网,水泥大数据研究院

二、中国水泥出口现状简析

  作为现今世界第一大水泥生产国,中国的水泥产能和水泥产量远超世界其他国家。据中国水泥网水泥大数据研究院的统计,截止2018年6月,中国全年的水泥产能已经高达36亿吨。世界范围内,印度保持着世界水泥产能第二的位置,水泥产能为3.22亿吨/年,但是和中国仍有着巨大的差距。

  如果从产量角度来看,2017年中国的水泥年产量为23.2亿吨,排名第二的印度年产量为2.8亿吨,不到中国水泥年产量的65%。虽然去年中国水泥出口贸易值同样排在世界第一,但是和第二位泰国仅有0.3%的差距。另外,2013年中国水泥的年产量为24.1亿吨,虽然到了2017年,产量数值下降了3.7%,但仍与水泥出口贸易值下降27.1%和净利润下滑30.3%形成了鲜明对比。

  图4:十大水泥产能国

  数据来源:环球水泥网,水泥大数据研究院

  图5:2017年十大水泥生产国(万吨)

  数据来源:环球水泥网,水泥大数据研究院

  由此可见,尽管中国水泥出口贸易总值名列去年第一,但是实际上中国水泥出口贸易行业并不发达,中国出口水泥在中国生产水泥中仅占据了很小一部分,生产的水泥多用于国内自销。世界上一些水泥经销机构也认为中国在水泥出口市场上仍有着巨大的发展空间,之前几年中国在水泥出口方面一直处于下行表现,是由于中国政府缺乏重视,以及中国深海运输环境的匮乏。

  过去两年,中国水泥及熟料的出口量持续低迷表现,2017年较2016年总出口量同比下降27.9%,2018年上半年较去年同期下降22.9%,出口量呈现负增长。水泥及熟料出口年累计金额更是在过去五年逐年下滑,虽然今年上半年同比跌幅有所收窄,但整体形式仍不乐观。

  图6:2014-2018年中国水泥及熟料出口量

  数据来源:中国海关总署,同花顺,水泥大数据研究院

  图7:2014-2018年中国水泥及熟料出口金额

  数据来源:中国海关总署,同花顺,水泥大数据研究院

  从2016年下半年起,国内水泥行情持续上涨,国内企业也因此获益不少。放眼世界,中国水泥在国际上也属于较为廉价的水泥产品。据美国地质勘查局的统计,过去一年美国从中国进口的水泥每吨花销排在美国32个水泥进口国当中的第五位,即使近期的对华贸易战对中国水泥加收10%的关税,中国水泥仍然是这32个国家中第八廉价的水泥。国内水泥企业的机遇不仅仅存在于国内,国外有着更大的市场。

  近两年国家致力于解决国内水泥行业产能过剩的问题,主要解决办法是通过减量置换,以促进水泥行业去产能、技术进步和转型升级。如果换个思路,目前国际水泥市场仍具有巨大的潜力,在此背景上,中国水泥走出国门也不失为缓解产能过剩的一种途径。率先发展深海运输技术,能使中国水泥行业成为中国贸易行业中的翘楚。中国水泥走出去,也更利于国内企业在世界范围内打响知名度。


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Correlation

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What impact will this have on the depressed industry and Huaxin? Is "going out" a good medicine to resolve overcapacity?

2024-01-28 08:40:41