Cement is an important basic raw material for national economic construction and plays an important role in the process of national industrialization, urbanization and modernization, but the cement industry is also a key industry of energy consumption and carbon emissions. Under the background of the serious overcapacity of the cement industry and the promotion of the "double carbon" strategy by the state, how to combine the green low-carbon transformation of the industry with the structural reform of the supply side to promote the stable and far-reaching development of the industry is a topic worthy of consideration.
From the cumulative per capita cement consumption and cement production data in recent years, it is an objective reality that domestic cement demand has entered a downward period. Although since 2009, the state has issued a series of documents to restrain new production capacity in response to the trend of overheated investment in cement and other industries. For example, the State Council approved and forwarded some opinions of the National Development and Reform Commission and other departments on restraining overcapacity and redundant construction in some industries and guiding the healthy development of industries (Guofa [2009] No.38), the Guiding Opinions of the State Council on Resolving the Serious Contradiction of Overcapacity (Guofa [2013] No.41), The Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Promoting the Steady Growth of Building Materials Industry, Adjusting Structure and Increasing Benefits (No.34 issued by the State Office of the State Council) have also achieved some results at different stages, but the momentum of capacity growth in the cement industry has not been effectively curbed due to the existence of such phenomena as "building small and building large" and "increasing production and transformation". China's cement industry has entered a long-term and overall era of overcapacity, and the current overcapacity rate has exceeded 40%. It is expected that as the demand for cement continues to decline in the future, the contradiction between supply and demand in the industry will further intensify.
Whether it is carbon peak before 2030 or carbon neutralization before 2060, the essence is to control the total emissions of carbon dioxide or greenhouse gases. Intensity control is the guarantee of the process, and total control can achieve the goal. The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) proposed to "strictly control the intensity of energy consumption" and "reasonably control the total amount of energy consumption" in the Plan for Improving the Dual Control System of Energy Consumption Intensity and Total Amount. The National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Ecological Environment, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction and other four departments jointly issued the "Carbon Peak Implementation Plan for Building Materials Industry", which also specifically mentioned that "the key is to improve the level of comprehensive utilization of resources on the basis of total amount control". Based on this, there is a high voice in the industry to speed up the resolution of excess cement capacity through the "double control" policy of total carbon emissions and intensity, and to achieve structural reform on the supply side. However, from the current experience of the carbon trading market in the pilot provinces and cities where cement enterprises participate, in the existing quota allocation mechanism of the pilot carbon trading market, except that Guangdong needs to purchase the quota in full for the part that exceeds the design capacity by more than 1.2 times, the other pilot projects are based on the clinker production in that year to implement the quota allocation, and the other pilot projects are based on the clinker production in that year. Every ton of clinker produced by backward production capacity can get the free quota set by the rules, which leads to insufficient motivation to eliminate backward production capacity. Taking the pilot project of Hubei carbon trading market as an example, the cost of the industry's overall performance cost transmitted to clinker is less than 1 yuan/ton, the impact of carbon market performance on production and operation is basically negligible, and the effect of structural reform on the supply side is minimal. In addition, there are still many problems in the power industry that has entered the national carbon trading market. All these indicate that there are still many challenges and work to be improved for key enterprises in the cement industry to be incorporated into the national carbon trading market. In the composition of carbon emissions from
cement clinker production, the process carbon emissions from carbonate decomposition account for about 65%, and the energy-related carbon emissions account for about 35%, but the process carbon emissions from carbonate decomposition are recognized as the most difficult to decarbonize in the world. Both IEA (International Energy Agency), IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), GCCA (Global Cement and Concrete Association) and other research institutes and industry associations regard CCUS technology as the basic technology to achieve carbon neutralization in the process emission link of cement clinker, which means that there is no economic and applicable solution for process carbon emission at this stage. Therefore, under the existing conditions, the main direction of carbon emission reduction in cement industry should be the carbon produced by energy consumption, and the control of total energy consumption and intensity is the key to control carbon emissions produced by energy consumption. Since the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period,
China has extensively carried out energy-saving supervision of energy consumption quota of key unit products. In the past two years, the National Development and Reform Commission and other departments issued documents such as Several Opinions on Strict Energy Efficiency Constraints to Promote Energy Conservation and Carbon Reduction in Key Areas (FGIC [2021] No.1464) and Notice on Issuing Energy Efficiency Benchmarking and Benchmarking Levels in Key Areas of High Energy-consuming Industries (2021 Edition) (FGIC [2021] No.1609). The National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and other major regulatory departments supervise the total energy consumption and intensity of the cement industry by means of energy review/audit, energy conservation supervision and tiered electricity price verification, which has a certain deterrent effect on backward production capacity. The cement industry has a mature regulatory system and policy support on the "double control" of total energy consumption and intensity.
By further promoting the "double control" of comprehensive energy consumption intensity and total energy consumption of clinker, the balance between supply and demand and effective carbon reduction can be achieved, which can not only promote energy conservation and emission reduction, provide "space" for energy consumption indicators for industrial upgrading of local governments, but also bring the structural reform of supply side to the ground, so as to truly reduce production capacity for the cement industry. It can also lay a good foundation for the cement industry to enter the national carbon trading market and "double control of carbon emissions" in the next step. The preliminary suggested measures are as follows:
First, the energy consumption intensity of a single cement enterprise fully complies with the relevant requirements of the Benchmarking and Benchmarking Levels of Energy Efficiency in Key Areas of High Energy-consuming Industries (2021 Edition) issued by the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the State Administration for Market Regulation and the National Energy Administration.
Second, the total energy consumption control index can be set by referring to the following formula: T = A × B × (1-C).
Where: T refers to the total comprehensive energy consumption target of clinker in the kiln line (ton of standard coal);
A refers to the rated output, which is the minimum value of A1, A2 and A3 below; A1 refers to the approved design daily capacity × 310 days (ton) in the annual cement clinker production line list announced by the provincial industry and information technology department; A2 refers to the converted daily capacity of the measured kiln diameter × 310 days (tons) in the annual cement clinker production line list published by the Department of Industry and Information Technology of each province; A3 refers to the average clinker output of the production line in the previous three years (tons);
B refers to the target value of comprehensive energy consumption intensity per unit product of clinker (kg standard coal/ton of clinker), which can be selected from the Grade 2 index of comprehensive energy consumption per unit product of clinker 107 kg standard coal/ton of clinker in the Energy Consumption Limit per Unit Product of Cement (GB16780-2021);
C refers to the energy load reduction coefficient (%), which is formulated nationally or regionally according to the decomposition target of energy consumption double-control indicators, and can be adjusted annually.
Thirdly, the existing mechanisms of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the National Energy Conservation Supervision, the National Development and Reform Commission, and the Golden Tax System are used to carry out energy consumption verification. The results of the verification are publicized by the competent government units and subject to peer and social supervision.
Fourthly, the surplus total energy consumption indicators of enterprises can be traded in the market, but they need to be filed and publicized in the competent government units.
Fifthly, after the total energy consumption of the enterprise is verified to be excessive, the kiln shall be shut down additionally according to the excess proportion × 310 days (not included in the maintenance time).
While further promoting the "double control of energy consumption", it is suggested to continue to accelerate the research on the "double control" of total carbon emissions and intensity, especially to fully learn from the experience and lessons of the first and second stages of the European Union and the pilot provinces of domestic carbon trading, to build a scientific and reasonable quota allocation mechanism, and to promote the cement industry to be incorporated into the national carbon market as soon as possible. Under the allocation mechanism of carbon trading market, we should realize "carbon emission has cost, carbon reduction has benefit", promote the high-quality development of the industry, and contribute to the strength of the cement industry for Chinese-style modernization. On July 6-7,
2023, China Cement Network will hold the "2023 China Cement Energy Conservation and New Energy Development Conference" in Chongqing. China Building Materials, Conch Group, Jinyu Jidong, Red Lion Group, Huaxin Cement, Huarun Cement, Taiwan Cement, Shanshui Group, Tianrui Cement , Asian Cement and other leading enterprises will gather in Chongqing. Together with industry technical specialist and professors of colleges and universities, we will explore new ways of energy saving and carbon reduction in the cement industry to help the cement industry move towards a new journey of low-carbon and high-quality development.
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