Study on cement production in EU in 2007

There are a total of 377 cement kilns

in the EU27, but, in 2007, not all were working. In recent years, the scale of the typical kiln is about 3000 tons of clinker per day. Even if the scale of the kiln is different and the service time is different, the output of almost all production lines is not less than 500 tons per day.

In 2007, about 90% of EU cement production came from dry process kilns, 7.5 percent of production was contributed by semi-dry and semi-wet kilns, and the remaining (大约2.5 percent) from wet process kilns. The choice of production process is mainly determined by the nature of the raw materials used. For the European Standard for

Portland Cement (EN 197-1), the 27 different cement types listed are divided into 5 groups. In addition, there are special cements produced for specific applications. Table 1. 3 shows the percentage of each type of cement supplied to the domestic market in EU -25 in 2005. The typical composition of grey cement is listed in Table 1.5.

In addition to gray cement, other types of cement are also produced, such as white cement. This cement has the same properties as the gray cement except for the color. To make white cement, use a substance that has no effect on the color of the cement. Table 1. 6 lists some of the parameters associated with white cement in the US and European markets. Local requirements for white cement will influence these parameters. Moreover, the biggest difference from gray cement is in the range of ferric oxide content. The whiteness of

this cement is one of its important properties. The application of different types of white cement is required according to the standards of different countries [118, Germany, 2007], [119, Sobolev, 2001].

The cement industry is an energy-intensive industry, typically accounting for about 40% of operating costs, excluding capital investment but including electricity consumption, for example. Traditionally, the main solid fossil fuel used has been coal. Other solid, liquid, or gaseous fossil fuels used, such as petroleum coke, lignite, natural gas, and oil (heavy, medium, or light fuel oil). In addition to these traditional fossil fuels, the cement industry has been using a large amount of waste fuel or biomass fuel for more than 15 years. Table 1. 7 lists the fuel consumption of the EU cement industry expressed as thermal energy.