Hydrogen energy is a clean, efficient, safe and sustainable secondary energy, which can be obtained in many ways. At present, the application of fuel hydrogen is still limited in the world, but hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is one of the most important applications.
Hydrogen energy is the most ideal clean energy at present, which can be widely used in industry, transportation, construction, power generation and other fields. In economic activities, around the production and application of hydrogen, a hydrogen industry chain consisting of upstream hydrogen production, midstream storage and transportation, and downstream hydrogen use has been formed.
1. Hydrogen production
Hydrogen production includes three ways: hydrogen production from fossil energy, hydrogen production from purification of industrial by-products and hydrogen production from electrolysis of water. According to the different production sources and carbon emissions, hydrogen can be divided into three types: gray hydrogen, blue hydrogen and green hydrogen.
Gray hydrogen is hydrogen produced by the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas, etc.), and there will be carbon dioxide emissions in the production process. The production cost of ash hydrogen is low, the technology of hydrogen production is simple, and the carbon emission is the highest. At present, it is the most popular way to produce hydrogen when downloading.
Blue hydrogen refers to industrial by-product hydrogen or hydrogen produced by steam methane reforming and autothermal steam reforming of natural gas. Although natural gas is also a fossil fuel and produces greenhouse gases in the production of blue hydrogen, advanced technologies such as carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) are used in the production process to capture greenhouse gases and achieve low-emission production.
Green hydrogen is hydrogen produced by using renewable energy (solar energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, etc.), such as hydrogen production by electrolysis of water through renewable energy generation, and there is basically no carbon emission in the process of producing green hydrogen. Therefore, this type of hydrogen is also called "zero-carbon hydrogen".
2. Hydrogen
storage Hydrogen has the characteristics of low density, easy combustion and diffusion at normal temperature and pressure, which brings great challenges to its storage. How to achieve safe, reliable and efficient hydrogen storage is one of the technical problems to be solved urgently.
At present, hydrogen storage methods mainly include high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage, low-temperature liquid hydrogen storage and solid-state hydrogen storage. In the medium and long term, high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage is the main method, and the ultimate goal is to achieve efficient solid-state hydrogen storage. High-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage is one of the most widely used hydrogen storage methods, and the core of its technology lies in the liner material, outer carbon fiber material and its winding technology.
After high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage and low-temperature liquid hydrogen storage, hydrogen storage using solid materials and organic liquid materials has gradually developed into a very potential hydrogen storage method. Although hydrogen storage materials have been studied for nearly half a century, they are still in the exploratory stage, and there are no large-scale application examples, mainly because of the lack of new hydrogen storage materials with low cost, high efficiency and long life. Ideal hydrogen storage materials should meet a series of harsh conditions, such as high hydrogen storage density, fast hydrogen storage and release rate, mild working conditions, good reversible cycle performance, long service life and so on.
At present, a variety of materials have been used for hydrogen storage research, mainly including inorganic materials and organic materials. Among them, inorganic hydrogen storage materials mainly include metals and metal alloys, complex hydrides and carbon-based materials, and organic materials mainly include organic framework compounds, organic liquids and porous polymers. From the current research focus, hydrogen storage materials have gradually changed from traditional metals and alloys to light element hydrides (such as complex hydrides) and porous adsorption materials (such as metal-organic frameworks).
3. Hydrogen
transportation There are three main technologies for hydrogen transportation: gaseous transportation, liquid transportation and solid transportation. Gaseous transportation based on long tube trailer is a relatively mature mode of transportation at present.
4. Hydrogen
station is an important supporting infrastructure for the hydrogen energy industry. According to the statistics of China Hydrogen Energy Alliance, by the end of 2022, the number of hydrogen stations in major countries in the world has reached 727, and 358 hydrogen stations have been built in China, of which 245 are in the camp, ranking first in the world. According to the forecast of China Hydrogen Energy Alliance, the number of hydrogen stations in China will reach 12000 in 2050.
5. Hydrogen
fuel : Hydrogen energy is the energy released by the chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen. It is a secondary clean energy with high calorific value. The product of hydrogen combustion is water, which has the characteristics of green and low carbon. It is the cleanest energy in the world. It is known as "the ultimate energy in the 21st century". At present, the application of fuel hydrogen is still limited in the world, mainly due to the low maturity and low economy of hydrogen turbine and other equipment. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is one of the most important applications at present. Hydrogen for
raw materials: Hydrogen is an important industrial gas. The chemical industry needs to use hydrogen to produce methanol, synthetic ammonia and other products. Iron smelting needs to use hydrogen as a reducing agent.
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