无需煅烧!通过电解生产“零碳水泥”!

2023-09-22 15:44:44

Sublime声称它是“唯一一种无化石燃料、可扩展、可直接替代传统混凝土水泥的产品”。

Sublime Cement表示,已准备好开始生产“世界上最清洁的水泥”,该水泥符合行业性能标准,依靠室温电解槽代替水泥窑,使用各种零碳原材料。

传统的制造工艺每生产一吨水泥就会产生一吨二氧化碳。2022年全球碳排放量约为41亿吨,水泥是气候变化的巨大贡献者变化,约占全球碳排放量的8%。

但这同样是一个巨大的机会:随着脱碳指令和碳税开始生效,率先在全球范围内推出具有成本竞争力、完全零碳的水泥替代品的企业,都将赚的盆满钵满。

当前不乏低碳和碳捕获的水泥产品,但麻省理工学院的衍生公司Sublime Systems独树一帜,因为它采用了一种新颖的电化学方法来制造水泥,这是“真正的零碳”而不是“净零碳” ”或“碳封存”——因为它可以完全消除传统水泥生产过程中出现的碳排放的两个关键点。

Sublime的零碳或超低碳水泥生产技术

在常规水泥生产中,通过燃烧化石燃料(第一主要排放源)将石灰石加热至1400 °C左右,以生产熟料。按重量计算,石灰石含有约50%的二氧化碳,通过煅烧释放的二氧化碳与烟气混合,很难捕获。

而Sublime的方法完全不同,并且基于电解。公司联合创始人Leah Ellis博士和Yet-Ming Jiang博士在Medium帖子中详细解释了这一点,该过程的要点如下:

水在接近中性的pH值下分解,产生氢气和氧气,同时也在两个电极之间产生pH梯度。含钙矿物质与阳极形成的酸反应,生成溶解的钙离子,然后钙离子向阴极迁移。当它们的pH值至少达到12.5时,它们会与阴极产生的碱发生反应,以固体氢氧化钙的形式沉淀出来——也称为建筑石灰或熟石灰。

Sublime的工艺使用室温电解从一系列不同的输入材料中分离出必要的钙

这种石灰是一种熟料的直接替代品,可以投入传统的水泥生产。创始人表示,Sublime改进了这种技术,使其更加节能,消除了氢气的产生,分离了氧气和二氧化碳气流,可以从反应器中连续提取石灰,并且可以利用现成的电解设备来生产。

该工艺非常灵活,适用于各种不同的原料。即便是低品位的石灰石仍然可以有效利用。虽然该过程无法完全避免产生二氧化碳,但至少保证了二氧化碳以纯净、冷的状态出现,使其更易于捕获和储存,并且比常规水泥生产使用的能源少得多,排放量也少得多。

对于真正的零碳水泥,该工艺可以从二氧化硅、镁、铁或铝中的杂质中提取纯钙,例如,在该工艺中将它们提炼成更高等级的材料。至关重要的是,这一切都发生在室温下,不需要煅烧或电加热。

Sublime声称它是“唯一一种无化石燃料、可扩展、可直接替代传统混凝土水泥的产品”。

进展、商业化、时间表和定价

Sublime何时开始将“世界上最清洁的水泥”推向市场,需要多长时间才能扩大到能够真正对全球碳排放产生影响的规模?

“也许还需要八到十年,工艺规模扩大和技术成熟的程度才能使成本达到与传统水泥制造相当的水平,”Sublime研发副总裁Jesse Benck博士表示,“为了推广这项技术,我们需要达到与当前水泥生产工艺的成本相当。我们知道水泥行业对成本非常敏感,因此降低成本以产生最大的影响是我们的目标。 ”

“从短期来看,”他继续说道,“我们采用的是一种全新的方法和新技术,可以与已有100多年历史的水泥生产相竞争,而且这是一个规模庞大、全球规模、技术成熟的行业。现实情况是,从短期来看,这个新工艺的成本确实有点高,但至少对于我们的第一个全规模制造工厂来说,我们预计成本将低于传统水泥生产加碳捕获的成本。 ”

Sublime工艺生产的零碳石灰

目前水泥的成本约为每吨130美元,哈佛大学贝尔弗中心2022年的政策简报将水泥生产中的碳捕获定价为每吨二氧化碳19至205美元。因此,Sublime首款清洁水泥产品的售价大概比其竞争对手的价格高出15-158%。

“我们的工厂现在每年可以生产100吨水泥,”Benck说。

“我们现在正在努力建造一个新的示范工厂,年产能约为25000吨,” 他继续说道,“我们的目标是2025年底之前投入使用。之后,我们计划建立第一个全尺寸、商业规模的水泥生产设施,年产量约为100万吨。当然,细节仍在制定中,预计实现时间为2027-28年。除此之外,我们希望在2030年之后可以在全球范围推广。”

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